1 Enoch

1 Enoch is presented in a separate study collection. It is received as Scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition and is outside the 66-book collection used by this app. It is distinct from the works called 2 Enoch and 3 Enoch.

Most of this collection was probably composed in Aramaic; Aramaic fragments survive among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Hebrew composition for some material has been proposed but is uncertain. Greek witnesses preserve portions. The complete ancient collection survives in Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), generally understood to have been translated through Greek, approximately in the 4th–6th centuries CE. Composition and translation dates are estimates.

This is Charles’s 1912 English translation as reprinted in the 1917 SPCK edition, digitized from its 1962 impression. It reflects older scholarship. Source headings, notes, unusual chapter order, and editorial marks are preserved; they are not new manuscript reconstructions by this app. The separate manuscript panel supplies partial Aramaic, Greek and Geʿez readings from OCP. These belong to a different edition from the Charles English text; shared chapter and verse labels are navigation aids, not verified translation alignment. No Hebrew reconstruction is supplied. Optional AI translation drafts are separate from the credited source editions and have not received specialist validation.

• Translation: Project Gutenberg, ebook 77935 · public domain in the USA; other jurisdictions may differ.
• Download complete source, credits & Project Gutenberg license. Digitization: David King and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team, from Internet Archive images.
• Library of Congress: Aramaic Enoch fragments
• Online Critical Pseudepigrapha: textual witnesses
• Bodleian exhibition catalogue: Ethiopic transmission
• Ethiopian Orthodox Church: canon

Compare the readings encoded by Online Critical Pseudepigrapha (OCP). Brackets, dots, missing-text marks and alternative readings are retained as supplied. Restored letters inside brackets are editorial proposals, not surviving ink. Consult the source edition for its conventions. A displayed verse may contain only a fragment. Labels can identify manuscripts, quotations, or editorial readings; a scholar’s name is not an additional ancient manuscript. Reading numbers identify alternatives in the source, not confidence rankings.

Activate an underlined word to study its possible meanings, or select a phrase within one reading and choose Study ancient selection. These selections preserve the source’s lettering; word divisions are selection aids, not vetted parsing. AI suggestions require online sign-in and consent. Specialist lexicon links are provided for checking; their entries are not bundled or automatically consulted.

Source caution: OCP’s identification “7QEnoch” is disputed. Its presence here records the edition’s attribution, not a settled identification. See the Israel Antiquities Authority’s note on debated Cave 7 identifications.

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Open the OCP reader · Complete source XML · CC BY 4.0 license · Publisher’s credits & licensing statement

Use these as starting points for reading in context. Similar subjects alone do not establish direct dependence or identical teaching.

• 1 Enoch 1:9 and Jude 14–15: quotation comparison. Read Jude’s surrounding argument as well.
• 1 Enoch 6–11 and Genesis 6:1–4: the Watchers narrative develops the theme of heavenly beings, women and violence. Genesis itself gives a much shorter account.
• 1 Enoch 12–16 and Genesis 5:21–24: compare the portrayal of Enoch with Genesis’s brief notice. This is a character comparison, not a quotation claim.

Major divisions: Watchers (1–36) · Parables (37–71) · Astronomical Book (72–82) · Dream Visions (83–90) · Epistle and concluding material (91–108). These are common reading divisions within 1 Enoch, not the separate works 2 Enoch and 3 Enoch.

Comparison evidence: read the linked WEB Bible passages and Charles text directly. These editorial guide notes do not establish word alignment, authorship, or the canonical status of the collection.

Select a passage in the Charles English text, then choose Explain selected English. For ancient languages, open the manuscript panel and choose Translate this reading. Each draft uses only its displayed source and supplied immediate context. Ancient-language capability of the configured model has not been validated; fragmentary or uncertain readings may be declined. This is not a replacement for a scholarly translation or word alignment.

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